List of natural satellites

Objects in the Solar System
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The Solar System is known to contain 174 natural satellites, or moons, excluding those in orbit around small Solar System bodies. 19 moons in the Solar System are large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and thus would be considered planets or dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun.

Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter.

The earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons in 1610. Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000 using mostly large ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular.

Contents

Moons

Selected moons, with the Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough to be round, and one, Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.
The number of moons discovered in each year

Mercury, the innermost planet, has no moons, or at least any that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km (1.0 mi).[1] For a brief time in 1974, Mercury was thought to have a moon.

Venus has no moons,[2] though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century.

Earth has one Moon, the largest of any rocky planet in the Solar System. It also has at least two co-orbitals: the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29;[3] however, since they do not orbit Earth, they are not considered moons.

Mars has two known satellites, Phobos and Deimos, ("fear" and "panic", after attendants of Ares, the Greek god of war, equivalent to the Roman Mars). Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful, putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m (100 yd).[4]

Jupiter has 63 known moons, 62 with secured orbits. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Its 54 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and two others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphaë groups, as well as some isolated moons.

Saturn has 62 moons with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names, and most of which are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Twenty-two of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining thirty-eight, all small, are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from 1 centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

Uranus has 27 named moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are 13 inner moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.

Neptune has 13 named moons in its massively lopsided moon system; one moon, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, is irregular, suggesting it was captured. Neptune also has six known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

Among the dwarf planets, Ceres has no known moons. It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself.[5]

Pluto has three moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's two other moons, Nix and Hydra, are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.

Haumea has two moons, Namaka and Hi'iaka, of radii ~85 and ~155 km, respectively.

Makemake has no known moons. A satellite having 1% Makemake's brightness would have been detected if it had been located at an angular distance from Makemake farther than 0.4 arcseconds (0.0001 degrees).[6]

Eris has one known moon, Dysnomia. Its radius is currently not known, but is expected to be around 100 km.[7]

As of October 2009, 190 asteroid moons[8] and 63 Trans-Neptunian moons had been discovered.[8]

Moons of planets and dwarf planets

This is a list of all the moons of planets and dwarf planets in the Solar System. Those 19 moons that are large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium are listed in bold. The seven moons larger than dwarf planets are listed in bold and italic. Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because it depends on the mass of the primary as well as the satellite's distance from it.

Satellite of Earth Satellites of Mars
Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Saturn
Satellites of Uranus Satellites of Neptune
Satellites of Pluto Satellites of Haumea
Satellite of Eris
Image Numeral Name Mean radius (km) Semi-major axis (km) Sidereal period (d)
(r = retrograde)		 Discovery date Discovered by Notes Ref(s) Planet
Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg
 — Moon 1737.10 384,399 27.321582 Prehistoric — Synchronous rotation [9] Earth
Phobos moon (large).jpg
 I Phobos 11.1 ± 0.15 9,380 0.319 1877 (18 August) Hall [10][11][12] Mars
Deimos-viking1.jpg
 II Deimos 6.2 ± 0.18 23,460 1.262 1877 (12 August) Hall [10][11][12] Mars
Io highest resolution true color.jpg
 I Io 1818.1 ± 0.1 421,800 1.769 1610 Galileo Main group moon (Galilean) [12][13] Jupiter
Europa-moon.jpg
 II Europa 1560.7 ± 0.7 671,100 3.551 1610 Galileo Main group moon (Galilean) [12][13] Jupiter
Ganymede g1 true.jpg
 III Ganymede 2634.1 ± 0.3 1,070,400 7.155 1610 Galileo Main group moon (Galilean) [12][13] Jupiter
Callisto.jpg
 IV Callisto 2408.4 ± 0.3 1,882,700 16.69 1610 Galileo Main group moon (Galilean) [12][13] Jupiter
Amalthea PIA02532.png
 V Amalthea 83.45 ± 2.4 181,400 0.498 1892 Barnard Inner moon (Amalthea) [11][12][14] Jupiter
Himalia from New Horizons.jpg
 VI Himalia 85 11,461,000 250.56 1904 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [11][12][15] Jupiter
Elara2-LB1-mag17.jpg
 VII Elara 43 11,741,000 259.64 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [11][12][16] Jupiter
VIII Pasiphaë 30 23,624,000 743.63 (r) 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][17] Jupiter
IX Sinope 19 23,939,000 758.90 (r) 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][18] Jupiter
X Lysithea 18 11,717,000 259.20 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular (Himalia) [11][12][19] Jupiter
XI Carme 23 23,404,000 734.17 (r) 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][19] Jupiter
XII Ananke 14 21,276,000 629.77 (r) 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][20] Jupiter
XIII Leda 10 11,165,000 240.92 1974 Kowal Prograde irregular (Himalia) [11][12][21] Jupiter
Thebe.jpg
 XIV Thebe 49.3 ± 2.0 221,900 0.675 1980 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [11][12][22] Jupiter
Adrastea.jpg
 XV Adrastea 8.2 ± 2.0 129,000 0.298 1979 Jewitt, Danielson (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [11][12][23] Jupiter
Metis.jpg
 XVI Metis 21.5 ± 2.0 128,000 0.295 1979 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [11][12][24] Jupiter
XVII Callirrhoe 4.3 24,103,000 758.77 (r) 2000 Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][25] Jupiter
XVIII Themisto 4.0 7,284,000 130.02 1975/2000 Kowal and Roemer (original); Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (rediscovery) Prograde irregular [11][12][26][27] Jupiter
XIX Megaclite 2.7 23,493,000 752.86 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XX Taygete 2.5 23,280,000 732.41 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXI Chaldene 1.9 23,100,000 723.72 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXII Harpalyke 2.2 20,858,000 623.32 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXIII Kalyke 2.6 23,483,000 742.06 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXIV Iocaste 2.6 21,060,000 631.60 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXV Erinome 1.6 23,196,000 728.46 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXVI Isonoe 1.9 23,155,000 726.23 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXVII Praxidike 3.4 20,908,000 625.39 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][28] Jupiter
XXVIII Autonoe 2.0 24,046,000 760.95 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXIX Thyone 2.0 20,939,000 627.21 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXX Hermippe 2.0 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke?) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXI Aitne 1.5 23,229,000 730.18 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXII Eurydome 1.5 22,865,000 717.33 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae?) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXIII Euanthe 1.5 20,797,000 620.49 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXIV Euporie 1.0 19,304,000 550.74 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXV Orthosie 1.0 20,720,000 622.56 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXVI Sponde 1.0 23,487,000 748.34 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXVII Kale 1.0 23,217,000 729.47 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXVIII Pasithee 1.0 23,004,000 719.44 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XXXIX Hegemone 1.5 23,577,000 739.88 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
XL Mneme 1.0 21,035,000 620.04 (r) 2003 Gladman, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
XLI Aoede 2.0 23,980,000 761.50 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
XLII Thelxinoe 1.0 21,164,000 628.09 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
XLIII Arche 1.5 23,355,000 731.95 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12][29] Jupiter
XLIV Kallichore 1.0 23,288,000 728.73 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [11][12] Jupiter
XLV Helike 2.0 21,069,000 626.32 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
XLVI Carpo 1.5 17,058,000 456.30 2003 Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular [11][12] Jupiter
XLVII Eukelade 2.0 23,328,000 730.47 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12] Jupiter
XLVIII Cyllene 1.0 23,809,000 752 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
XLIX Kore 1.0 24,543,000 779.17 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
L Herse 1.0 22,983,000 714.51 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2000 J 11 2.0 12,555,000 287 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Prograde irregular [30][31] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 2 1.0 28,455,000 981.55 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 3 1.0 20,224,000 583.88 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 4 1.0 23,933,000 755.26 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 5 2.0 23,498,000 738.74 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 9 0.5 23,388,000 733.30 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 10 1.0 23,044,000 716.25 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae?) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 12 0.5 17,833,000 489.72 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 15 1.0 22,630,000 689.77 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Ananke?) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 16 1.0 20,956,000 616.33 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 18 1.0 20,426,000 596.58 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 19 1.0 23,535,000 740.43 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [11][12] Jupiter
— S/2003 J 23 1.0 23,566,000 732.45 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [11][12] Jupiter
Mimas moon.jpg
 I Mimas 198.8 ± 1.5 185,540 0.942 1789 Herschel Main group moon [11][12] Saturn
Enceladus from Voyager.jpg
 II Enceladus 252.3 ± 0.6 238,040 1.370 1789 Herschel Main group moon [11][12] Saturn
Tethys cassini.jpg
 III Tethys 536.3 ± 1.5 294,670 1.888 1684 Cassini Main group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [11][12] Saturn
Dione.jpg
 IV Dione 562.5 ± 1.5 377,420 2.737 1684 Cassini Main group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [11][12] Saturn
Rhea (moon) thumb.jpg
 V Rhea 764.5 ± 2.0 527,070 4.518 1672 Cassini Main group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [11][12] Saturn
Titan in natural color Cassini.jpg
 VI Titan 2575.5 ± 2.0 1,221,870 15.95 1655 Huygens Main group moon [11][12] Saturn
Hyperion true.jpg
 VII Hyperion 133.0 ± 8.0 1,500,880 21.28 1848 W.Bond, G. Bond, and Lassell Main group moon [11][12] Saturn
Iapetus true.jpg
 VIII Iapetus 734.5 ± 4.0 3,560,840 79.33 1671 Cassini Main group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [11][12] Saturn
Phoebe cassini.jpg
 IX Phoebe 106.6 ± 1.1 12,947,780 550.31 (r) 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
Janus moon.jpg
 X Janus 90.4 ± 3.0 151,460 0.695 1966 Dollfus; Voyager 1 Inner moon (co-orbital) [11][12] Saturn
Epimetheus.jpg XI Epimetheus 58.3 ± 3.1 151,410 0.694 1980 Walker; Voyager 1 Inner moon (co-orbital) [11][12] Saturn
Helene moon.jpg
 XII Helene 16 ± 4 377,420 2.737 1980 Laques, Lecacheux Main group trojan [11][12] Saturn
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
 XIII Telesto 12 ± 3 294,710 1.888 1980 Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain (Voyager 1) Main group trojan [11][12] Saturn
Calypso moon.jpg
 XIV Calypso 9.5 ± 1.5 294,710 1.888 1980 Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie Main group trojan [11][12] Saturn
Cassini Atlas N00084634 CL.png
 XV Atlas 15.3 ± 1.2 137,670 0.602 1980 Terrile (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Saturn
Prometheus moon.jpg
 XVI Prometheus 46.8 ± 5.6 139,380 0.613 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Saturn
Pandora moon.jpg
 XVII Pandora 40.6 ± 4.5 141,720 0.629 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Saturn
Pan Rev09.2x.jpg
 XVIII Pan 12.8 133,580 0.575 1990 Showalter (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Saturn
XIX Ymir 9 23,040,000 1,315.14 (r) 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XX Paaliaq 11 15,200,000 686.95 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [11][12] Saturn
XXI Tarvos 7.5 17,983,000 926.23 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [11][12] Saturn
XXII Ijiraq 6 11,124,000 451.42 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [11][12] Saturn
XXIII Suttungr 3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXIV Kiviuq 8 11,110,000 449.22 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [11][12] Saturn
XXV Mundilfari 3.5 18,628,000 952.77 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXVI Albiorix 16 16,182,000 783.45 2000 Holman, Spahr Prograde irregular (Gallic) [11][12] Saturn
XXVII Skathi 4 15,540,000 728.20 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXVIII Erriapus 5 17,343,000 871.19 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [11][12] Saturn
XXIX Siarnaq 20 17,531,000 895.53 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [11][12] Saturn
XXX Thrymr 3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXXI Narvi 3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXXII Methone 1.5 194,440 1.010 2004 Porco, Charnoz, Brahic, Dones (Cassini-Huygens) Alcyonid moon [12] Saturn
S2004s2 040601.jpg
 XXXIII Pallene 2 212,280 1.154 2004 Gordon, Murray, Beurle, et al. (Cassini-Huygens) Alcyonid moon [12] Saturn
Polydeuces.jpg
 XXXIV Polydeuces 1.25 377,200 2.737 2004 Porco et al. (Cassini-Huygens) Main group trojan [12] Saturn
PIA06237.jpg
 XXXV Daphnis 3–4 136,500 0.594 2005 Porco et al. (Cassini-Huygens) Inner moon (shepherd) [12] Saturn
XXXVI Aegir 3 20,751,000 1,117.52 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXXVII Bebhionn 3 17,119,000 834.84 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Gallic) [11][12] Saturn
XXXVIII Bergelmir 3 19,336,000 1,005.74 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XXXIX Bestla 3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XL Farbauti 2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XLI Fenrir 2 22,454,000 1,260.35 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XLII Fornjot 3 25,146,000 1,494.2 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XLIII Hati 3 19,846,000 1,038.61 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
XLIV Hyrrokkin 4 18,437,000 931.86 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
XLV Kari 3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
XLVI Loge 3 23,058,000 1,311.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
XLVII Skoll 3 17,665,000 878.29 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
XLVIII Surtur 3 22,704,000 1,297.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
XLIX Anthe 1 197,700 1.0365 2007 Porco et al. (Cassini-Huygens) Alcyonid moon [32] Saturn
L Jarnsaxa 3 18,811,000 964.74 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
LI Greip 3 18,206,000 921.19 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
LII Tarqeq 3.5 18,009,000 887.48 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Inuit) [12] Saturn
LIII Aegaeon 0.25 167,500 0.808 2008 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini-Huygens G-ring moonlet [33] Saturn
— S/2004 S 7 3 20,999,000 1,140.24 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
— S/2004 S 12 2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
— S/2004 S 13 3 18,404,000 933.48 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
— S/2004 S 17 2 19,447,000 1,014.70 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [11][12] Saturn
— S/2006 S 1 3 18,790,000 963.37 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
— S/2006 S 3 3 22,096,000 1,227.21 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
— S/2007 S 2 3 16,725,000 808.08 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
— S/2007 S 3 3 18,975,000 977.8 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [12] Saturn
— S/2009 S 1 0.3 117,000  ? 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini-Huygens B-ring [34] Saturn
Ariel (moon).jpg
 I Ariel 578.9 ± 0.6 190,900 2.520 1851 Lassell Main group moon [11][12] Uranus
Umbriel (moon).jpg
 II Umbriel 584.7 ± 2.8 266,000 4.144 1851 Lassell Main group moon [11][12] Uranus
Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg
 III Titania 788.9 ± 1.8 436,300 8.706 1787 Herschel Main group moon [11][12] Uranus
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg
 IV Oberon 761.4 ± 2.6 583,500 13.46 1787 Herschel Main group moon [11][12] Uranus
Miranda.jpg
 V Miranda 235.8 ± 0.7 129,900 1.413 1948 Kuiper Main group moon [11][12] Uranus
VI Cordelia 20.1 ± 3 49,800 0.335 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Uranus
VII Ophelia 21.4 ± 4 53,800 0.376 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [11][12] Uranus
VIII Bianca 25.7 ± 2 59,200 0.435 1986 Smith (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
IX Cressida 39.8 ± 2 61,800 0.464 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
X Desdemona 32.0 ± 4 62,700 0.474 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
XI Juliet 46.8 ± 4 64,400 0.493 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
XII Portia 67.6 ± 4 66,100 0.513 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
XIII Rosalind 36 ± 6 69,900 0.558 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
XIV Belinda 40.3 ± 8 75,300 0.624 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
Puck.png
 XV Puck 81 ± 2 86,000 0.762 1985 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Uranus
XVI Caliban 49 7,231,000 579.73 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XVII Sycorax 95 12,179,000 1,288.3 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XVIII Prospero 15 16,256,000 1,978.29 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XIX Setebos 15 17,418,000 2,225.21 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XX Stephano 10 8,004,000 677.36 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XXI Trinculo 5 8,504,000 749.24 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XXII Francisco 6 4,276,000 266.56 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XXIII Margaret 5.5 14,345,000 1,687.01 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt Prograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XXIV Ferdinand 6 20,901,000 2,887.21 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, et al. Retrograde irregular [11][12] Uranus
XXV Perdita 10 76,417 0.638 1986 Karkoschka (Voyager 2) Inner moon [12] Uranus
XXVI Mab 5 97,736 0.923 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [12] Uranus
XXVII Cupid 5 74,392 0.613 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [12] Uranus
Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large).jpg
 I Triton 1353.4 ± 0.9 354,800 5.877 (r) 1846 Lassell Main group moon (retrograde) [11][12] Neptune
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
 II Nereid 170 ± 25 5,513,400 360.14 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
III Naiad 33 ± 3 48,227 0.294 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
IV Thalassa 41 ± 3 50,075 0.311 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
V Despina 75 ± 3 52,526 0.335 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
VI Galatea 88 ± 4 61,953 0.429 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
Larissa 1.jpg
 VII Larissa 97 ± 3 73,548 0.555 1989 Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
Proteus Voyager 2 (big).jpg
 VIII Proteus 210 ± 7 117,647 1.122 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [11][12] Neptune
IX Halimede 31 15,728,000 1,879.71 (r) 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
X Psamathe 20 46,695,000 9,115.91 (r) 2003 Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
XI Sao 22 22,422,000 2,914.07 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
XII Laomedeia 21 23,571,000 3,167.85 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
XIII Neso 30 48,387,000 9,373.99 (r) 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [11][12] Neptune
Charon plutoface.png
 I Charon 593. ± 13. 17,536 6.387 1978 Christy Image courtesy of Marc W. Buie/Lowell Observatory[35] [11][12] Pluto
II Nix 23–67.5 48,708 24.86 2005 Weaver, Stern Buie, et al. [12] Pluto
III Hydra 30.5–83.5 64,749 38.20 2005 Weaver, Stern Buie, et al. [12] Pluto
I Hiʻiaka 155 49,500 ± 400 49.12 ± 0.03 2005 Brown et al. [36] Haumea
II Namaka 85 39,000 (r) 34.7 ± 0.1
if e = 0		 2005 Brown et al. [36] Haumea
I Dysnomia 150[37] 37,370 ± 150 15.774 ± 0.002 2005 Brown, Rabinowitz, Trujillo et al. SDO moon [38][39][40] Eris
Natural satellites of the Solar System
Moons of Earth, Mars and the Asteroids
Moons of Jupiter
Listed in increasing distance from Jupiter. Temporary names in italics.
Inner moons
Galilean moons
 
Themisto
Himalia group
Leda · Himalia · Lysithea · Elara · S/2000 J 11
 
Carpo · S/2003 J 12
Ananke group
core
Ananke · Praxidike · Harpalyke · Iocaste · Euanthe · Thyone
peripheral
Euporie · S/2003 J 3 · S/2003 J 18 · Thelxinoe · Helike · Orthosie · S/2003 J 16 · Hermippe · Mneme · S/2003 J 15
Carme group
Herse · S/2003 J 10 · Pasithee · Chaldene · Arche · Isonoe · Erinome · Kale · Aitne · Taygete · S/2003 J 9 · Carme · S/2003 J 5 · S/2003 J 19 · Kalyke · Eukelade · Kallichore
Pasiphaë group
Eurydome · S/2003 J 23 · Hegemone · Pasiphaë · Sponde · Cyllene · Megaclite · S/2003 J 4 · Callirrhoe · Sinope · Autonoe · Aoede · Kore
 
S/2003 J 2
Rings of Jupiter · In fiction
Moons of Saturn
Generally listed in increasing distance from Saturn. Temporary names in italics.
Ring shepherds
S/2009 S 1 · Propeller moonlets · Pan · Daphnis · Atlas · Prometheus ·  ?(S/2004 S 6 · S/2004 S 4 · S/2004 S 3) · Pandora
Co-orbitals
Epimetheus · Janus
G Ring
Aegaeon
Inner large
(with Trojans)
Mimas · Enceladus · Tethys (Telesto • Calypso) · Dione (Helene • Polydeuces)
Alkyonides
Methone · Anthe · Pallene
Outer large
Inuit group
Kiviuq · Ijiraq · Paaliaq · Siarnaq · Tarqeq
Norse group
Phoebe · Skathi · S/2007 S 2 · Skoll · S/2004 S 13 · Greip · Hyrrokkin · Mundilfari · Jarnsaxa · S/2006 S 1 · S/2004 S 17 · Narvi · Bergelmir · Aegir · Suttungr · S/2004 S 12 · Bestla · Farbauti · Hati · S/2004 S 7 · Thrymr · S/2007 S 3 · S/2006 S 3 · Surtur · Kari · Fenrir · Ymir · Loge · Fornjot
Gallic group
Albiorix · Bebhionn · Erriapus · Tarvos
Rings of Saturn · Cassini-Huygens · Themis · Chiron · In fiction
Moons of Uranus
Generally listed in increasing distance from Uranus
Inner
Rings of Uranus · Cordelia · Ophelia · Bianca · Cressida · Desdemona · Juliet · Portia · Rosalind · Cupid · Belinda · Perdita · Puck · Mab
Major (spheroid)
Outer (irregular)
Francisco · Caliban · Stephano · Trinculo · Sycorax · Margaret · Prospero · Setebos · Ferdinand
Geological features
Arielian (Kachina Chasma, Yangoor) · Mirandian (Verona Rupes) · Oberonian (Hamlet, Mommur Chasma) · Puckian · Titanian (Gertrude, Messina Chasma, Ursula, Rousillon Rupes) · Umbrielian (Wunda, Vuver, Skynd)
Moons of Neptune
Generally listed in increasing distance from Neptune
Regular (inner)
Naiad · Thalassa · Despina · Galatea · Larissa · Proteus
Triton
Atmosphere · Geological features · Sky
Irregular
Nereid · Halimede · Sao · Laomedeia · Psamathe · Neso
See also
Wikipedia book Book:Moons of Neptune  · Category Category:Moons of Neptune  · Portal Portal:Solar System
Moons of dwarf planets
Pluto Haumea Eris

Charon · Nix · Hydra

Namaka · Hiʻiaka
Inner satellites · Irregular satellites · Trojan moons · List · Discovery timeline · Naming

References

  1. ↑ Warell, J.; Karlsson, O. (2007). "A search for natural satellites of Mercury". Planetary and Space Science 55 (14): 2037–2041. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.06.004. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007P&SS...55.2037W. 
  2. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Venus: Moons". NASA. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&Display=Moons. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  3. ↑ Whitehouse, David (21 October 2002). "Earth's little brother found". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2347663.stm. Retrieved 2007-03-31. 
  4. ↑ Sheppard, Scott; et al. (2004). "A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness". arXiv:astro-ph/0409522. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0409522. 
  5. ↑ Bieryla, Allyson; Parker, J. W.. "Search for Satellites around Ceres". 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, #25.02; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 38: 933. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AAS...209.2502B. 
  6. ↑ M. E. Brown, M. A. van Dam, A. H. Bouchez, et al. (2006-03-01). "Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects". The Astrophysical Journal 639: L43–L46. doi:10.1086/501524. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...639L..43B. 
  7. ↑ Johnston, Robert (21 August 2007). "(136199) Eris and Dysnomia". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136199.html. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Satellites and Companions of Minor Planets". Minor Planet Center. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/minorsats.html. Retrieved 2008-11-13. 
  9. ↑ Wieczorek, M.; et al. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60: 221–364. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Notes: The Satellites of Mars". The Observatory 1 (6): 181–185. 20 September 1877. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0001//0000181.000.html. Retrieved 2008-03-09. 
  11. ↑ 11.000 11.001 11.002 11.003 11.004 11.005 11.006 11.007 11.008 11.009 11.010 11.011 11.012 11.013 11.014 11.015 11.016 11.017 11.018 11.019 11.020 11.021 11.022 11.023 11.024 11.025 11.026 11.027 11.028 11.029 11.030 11.031 11.032 11.033 11.034 11.035 11.036 11.037 11.038 11.039 11.040 11.041 11.042 11.043 11.044 11.045 11.046 11.047 11.048 11.049 11.050 11.051 11.052 11.053 11.054 11.055 11.056 11.057 11.058 11.059 11.060 11.061 11.062 11.063 11.064 11.065 11.066 11.067 11.068 11.069 11.070 11.071 11.072 11.073 11.074 11.075 11.076 11.077 11.078 11.079 11.080 11.081 11.082 11.083 11.084 11.085 11.086 11.087 11.088 11.089 11.090 11.091 11.092 11.093 11.094 11.095 11.096 11.097 11.098 11.099 11.100 11.101 11.102 11.103 11.104 11.105 11.106 11.107 11.108 11.109 11.110 11.111 11.112 11.113 11.114 11.115 11.116 11.117 11.118 11.119 11.120 11.121 11.122 11.123 11.124 11.125 11.126 11.127 11.128 11.129 11.130 11.131 11.132 11.133 11.134 11.135 11.136 11.137 11.138 11.139 11.140 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL, NASA. 13 July 2006. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par. Retrieved 2008-03-09. , and references therein.
  12. ↑ 12.000 12.001 12.002 12.003 12.004 12.005 12.006 12.007 12.008 12.009 12.010 12.011 12.012 12.013 12.014 12.015 12.016 12.017 12.018 12.019 12.020 12.021 12.022 12.023 12.024 12.025 12.026 12.027 12.028 12.029 12.030 12.031 12.032 12.033 12.034 12.035 12.036 12.037 12.038 12.039 12.040 12.041 12.042 12.043 12.044 12.045 12.046 12.047 12.048 12.049 12.050 12.051 12.052 12.053 12.054 12.055 12.056 12.057 12.058 12.059 12.060 12.061 12.062 12.063 12.064 12.065 12.066 12.067 12.068 12.069 12.070 12.071 12.072 12.073 12.074 12.075 12.076 12.077 12.078 12.079 12.080 12.081 12.082 12.083 12.084 12.085 12.086 12.087 12.088 12.089 12.090 12.091 12.092 12.093 12.094 12.095 12.096 12.097 12.098 12.099 12.100 12.101 12.102 12.103 12.104 12.105 12.106 12.107 12.108 12.109 12.110 12.111 12.112 12.113 12.114 12.115 12.116 12.117 12.118 12.119 12.120 12.121 12.122 12.123 12.124 12.125 12.126 12.127 12.128 12.129 12.130 12.131 12.132 12.133 12.134 12.135 12.136 12.137 12.138 12.139 12.140 12.141 12.142 12.143 12.144 12.145 12.146 12.147 12.148 12.149 12.150 12.151 12.152 12.153 12.154 12.155 12.156 12.157 12.158 12.159 12.160 12.161 12.162 12.163 12.164 12.165 "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". JPL, NASA. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem. Retrieved 2008-03-09. , and references therein.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1999). "The Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Science 286: 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/showman-malhotra-1999.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0012//0000081.000.html. 
  15. ↑ Crommelin, A. C. D. (10 March 1905). "Provisional Elements of Jupiter's Satellite VI". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 65 (5): 524–527. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1905MNRAS..65..524C. 
  16. ↑ Perrine, C. D. (1905). "The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 17 (101): 62–63. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0017//0000062.000.html. 
  17. ↑ Melotte, P. J. (1908). "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 68 (6): 456–457. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1908MNRAS..68..456.&db_key=AST&link_type=ABSTRACT&high=40daf3f6f927275. 
  18. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26: 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0026//0000197.000.html. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50: 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html. 
  20. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 63 (375): 297–299. doi:10.1086/126402. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0063//0000297.000.html. 
  21. ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; and Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0080//0000460.000.html. 
  22. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. PMID 17739548. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819801114%293210:4471%3c786:1TDOAP%3e2.0.CO%3b2-1&origin=ads. 
  23. ↑ Jewitt, D.C.; Danielson, G.E.; Synnott, S.P. (1979). "Discovery of a New Jupiter Satellite". Science 206 (4421): 951. doi:10.1126/science.206.4421.951. PMID 17733911. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819791123%293206:4421%3c951:DOANJS%3e2.0.CO%3b2-V&origin=ads. 
  24. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1981). "1979J3: Discovery of a Previously Unknown Satellite of Jupiter". Science 212 (4501): 1392. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1392. PMID 17746259. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819810619%293212:4501%3c1392:1DOAPU%3e2.0.CO%3b2-X&origin=ads. 
  25. ↑ "IAUC 7460: S/1999 J 1". 20 July 2000. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/07400/07460.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  26. ↑ "IAUC 2845: Probable New Satellite of Jupiter". 3 October 1975. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  27. ↑ "IAUC 7525: S/1975 J 1 = S/2000 J 1". 25 November 2000. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07525.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 "IAUC 7555: Satellites of Jupiter". 5 January 2001. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07555.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 "IAUC 7900: Satellites of Jupiter". 16 May 2002. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/07900/07900.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  30. ↑ "IAUC 7555: Satellites of Jupiter". 5 January 2001. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07555.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
  31. ↑ Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D. C.; Porco, C.; (2004). Fran Bagenal, Timothy E. Dowling, William B. McKinnon, Cambridge Planetary Science, Vol. 1. ed (PDF). Jupiter's outer satellites and Trojans, in Jupiter: The planet, satellites and magnetosphere,. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–280. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/JUPITER/JSP.2003.pdf. 
  32. ↑ C. Porco and the Cassini Imaging Team (2007-07-18). "S/ 2007 S 4". International Astronomical Union Circulars 8857 (subscription required). http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08857.html. 
  33. ↑ "IAU Circular No. 9023". International Astronomical Union. 2009. http://ciclops.org/view/5518/S2008_S_1?js=1. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
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  35. ↑ Buie: Mapping the surface of Pluto and Charon
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 D. C. Fabrycky, M. J. Holman, D. Ragozzine, M. E. Brown, T. A. Lister, D. M. Terndrup, J. Djordjevic, E. F. Young, L. A. Young, R. R. Howell. "Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite". AAS DPS conference 2008. http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstract.asp?CKey={DC1A2D7A-1E8E-4C58-A2AB-F0FA8673515C}&MKey={35A8F7D5-A145-4C52-8514-0B0340308E94}&AKey={AAF9AABA-B0FF-4235-8AEC-74F22FC76386}&SKey={545CAD5F-068B-4FFC-A6E2-1F2A0C6ED978}. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
  37. ↑ maximum
  38. ↑ Brown, M. E.; Schaller, E. L. (2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science 316: 1585. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855.  (Including supplementary material.)
  39. ↑ "Dwarf Planet Outweighs Pluto". space.com. 2007. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070614_eris_mass.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14. 
  40. ↑ Brown, M. E.; et al. (2006). "Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects". Astrophysical Journal 639: L43–L46. doi:10.1086/501524. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...639L..43B.